The incredible theories of Richard Gardner
Gardner argues that pedophilia is" regarded as the norm by the vast majority of people in world history " abuser and the father would have had the misfortune of living in a historical moment punitive towards this practice.
The author reiterates that the company would in future to change the current attitude of condemnation toward pedophiles, avoid punishment against them and instead recognize their important role in the survival of the human species.
"The therapy proposed by Gardner would be costringere il Genitore alienante ad astenersi dall'esprimere opinioni negative sull'altro, costringendo anzi, assieme ai figli, a manifestare affetto. Per ottenere ciò si ricorrerebbe a misure del tribunale, minacciando la perdita dell'affidamento e così via."
"Il padre che ritiene di essere vittima di PAS anche in buona fede è comunque spinto a ricercare negli altri e mai in se stesso le colpe di ciò che avviene, mentre se non facesse riferimento a quella categoria, potrebbe essere agevolato nel farsi aiutare, per esempio, a migliorare la relazione con i propri figli."
di Roberta Lerici
Ecco una sintesi delle teorie di Richard Gardner, inventore della PAS, ovvero la "Sindrome da alienazione parenting '. It is important to read, to understand why so many abused children, then end up being assigned by the courts, just the parent abusante.Gardner is also a theoretical large percentage of "false abuse" in cases of separation, a percentage that In fact, many scholars say is very low.
The PAS is not currently recognized as a mental illness, but in Italy there are many conferences in which they discute.La danger of a possible recognition of this syndrome, however, lies in that diagnosing the child's PAS, you end up not believing it, when he says does not want to see one of the parents, because he abused lui.In some cases, i giudici sottraggono il minore al genitore di cui egli si fida, per lasciarlo nelle mani del suo aguzzino.Oppure, in alternativa, il bambino viene allontanato da entrambi i genitori, e affidato a una casa famiglia, dove trascorrerà anche degli anni lontano dai suo affetti più cari.
Non è raro, infatti, che per "guarire" il bambino da una malattia inesistente, lo si allontani anche dai parenti legati al genitore che si ritiene abbia convinto il figlio a raccontare bugie e addirittura abusi sessuali.Ed ecco la sintesi delle teorie che i lettori del sito riconosceranno, per essere state usate anche in diversi casi di pedofilia extrafamiliare.
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..."Non aiuta certo la considerazione della teoria di Gardner ricordare le sue riflessioni sulla pedofilia come vantaggiosa per la specie e non intrinsecamente dannosa per il bambino. Gardner riteneva che denunciare molestie sessuali poteva significare danni psicologici per il minore, soprattutto in riferimento al senso di colpa e al naturale processo di desensibilizzazione.
In uno degli ultimi articoli che ha pubblicato, Gardner (2002b) risponde metodicamente alle numerose critiche che gli sono state mosse, e afferma di non essere mai stato un sostenitore della pedofilia e di ritenere anzi che l’abuso sessuale sia un sopruso esecrabile. Tuttavia, i suoi scritti precedenti sono in contrasto con queste affermazioni.Inoltre, anche se in alcuni articoli argues that there are real cases of sexual abuse at all other than false allegations in cases of separation (Gardner, 1999a), and in other places reiterates that sexual encounters between children and adults are not necessarily traumatic and that the reaction of millions of people to abuse actually occurred is exaggerated.
Some quotes are illuminating with respect to its posizione.Per example, Gardner argues that pedophilia is "regarded as the norm by the vast majority of people in world history" and the abusive father would have had the misfortune of living in a historical moment punitive toward this pratica.L 'author reiterates that the company would in future to change the current attitude of condemnation toward pedophiles, avoid punishment against them and instead recognize their important role in the survival of the species umana.Molto often, according to Gardner, the abused child does not need psychotherapy.
The main damages would result from the abuse itself but the reactions triggered in society once scoperto.Particolarmente dangerous reactions were "hysterical" mother: "If the mother has reacted to the abuse with hysteria (...) then the therapist would do well to try to calm her down (...) its hysteria will help you feel the child has committed a heinous crime and was then decrease the probability of any rapprochement with his father. We must do everything to help you consider the "crime" in proper perspective. Must be helped to understand that historically in most companies these behaviors were ubiquitous and still am. "
Consequently, the main therapeutic interventions would be carried out as follows (Gardner 1999a): • hold off the hysteria of the mother and her excessive modesty that made it probably one sexual partner unsatisfactory; • reassure the abusive father and the child on the normality of sexual relations between adults and children in other cultures and historical contexts; • help the child to cope with the sexualized eroticization encouraging excessive masturbation.
Gardner also contends that the courts in pursuit of the abusers are pedophiles repressed impulses and take a voyeuristic gratification in conducting these processes. In summary, although it acknowledges that there are cases of sexual abuse within the family, the theoretician of the PAS claims that are readily distinguishable from false allegations and that it is still a dangerous event for the child.
striking parallels between the speech of the psychiatrist and Gardner's theories of movement filopedofili, which reaffirmed the safety of sexual abuse which not only would never practiced with the strength (in fact all'abusante enough to resort to ' ascending that the minor and / or inability to understand the latter), but would lead to pleasure to the child without negative consequences.
These explanations correspond to the typical rationalizations of abusers: they tend to deny the abuse even in his own eyes, completely lacking in empathy towards the victim and to justify the search for his own gratification denying the suffering of the latter (Chrism and Romiti 2007).
Others suggested that Gardner's statements regarding child abuse would be taken out of context in which the psychiatrist refers to the Freudian theory of attachment all the children to their parents and "polymorphous perversity" of children. "Perversion" perché il bambino è capace di perseguire il piacere indipendentemente da scopi riproduttivi, e "polimorfa" perché lo persegue mediante i più svariati organi corporei.Freud teorizza che lo sviluppo sessuale dei bambini è legato alla relazione con ciascun genitore a seconda del sesso del bambino e che lo sviluppo è correlato direttamente agli stili genitoriali che potrebbe o anticipare la maturazione sessuale dei bambini o, al peggio, arrestarlo, con gravi conseguenze nell'età adulta (Bessette 2008).
Solo uno studio è stato condotto per una ricerca empirica sull'evidenza della PAS, facendo un confronto tra i terapisti che l'ammettono, adottando lo schema fornito da Gardner e concludendo circa una omogeneità risultati.Il limit of this study is that it is assumed that this scheme is valid also involved psychologists are only 18, already in agreement with the theories of Gardner (Rueda C., An inter-rater reliability study of Parental Alienation Syndrome. American Journal of Family Therapy 2004, 32 (5) 391-403 cit. in Meier, 2009).
This suggests the existence but not the existence of parental alienation syndrome. There is no scientific proof of the existence of PAS. No professional association has accepted the PAS as baseless scientifico.Al limit it can be used to describe a particular disturbance of the relationship between adult and child whose causes may be the most different. It can not be described as a psychological disorder and invoked as a valid legal argument.
Yet Gardner's theory has strongly influenced the courts and those who must decide on the custody of the children. Unfortunately this has also led to some skepticism in regard to allegations of sexual abuse in the context of a dispute between ex-spouses, assuming that they could be false. The PAS is often invoked in other contexts, such as when a mother opposes a change in the provisions concerning the custody of children or when a parent defends himself against accusations of abuse (not just sexual). Meier cites a case in which an expert has posited the alienation in the context of allegations of abuse sex, after attending the meeting in a neutral space between father and son. The meeting was considered very affectionate and warm enough to exclude the possibility of abuse (and at the same time affirm the presence of PAS).
In contrast, research shows that one can not assess the veracity of the allegations, noting the interactions between the parties and the majority of abused children because parents continue to love their abusers crave attention and love from loro.Questo way of seeing things may lead not only to disbelieve the child and mother but also to entrust the child to the abusive parent.
Instead, it is called "parental alienation" (PA =) or "alienated child" as un concetto valido, che descrive un fenomeno reale vissuto da una minoranza dei bambini nel contesto delle controversie in materia di divorzio e l'affidamento. Un "bambino alienato" come colui che esprime liberamente e con insistenza, irragionevoli sentimenti negativi (come rabbia, odio, rifiuto e / o la paura) nei confronti di un genitore, sproporzionate rispetto alla reale esperienza.Si parla di PA in riferimento ad una particolare vulnerabilità del bambino unita a comportamenti di entrambi i genitori, al contrario della teoria della PAS che vede un unico GA come agente principale.
Gli studi compiuti hanno portato al risultato che spesso gli uomini alienanti sono persone che maltrattano le mogli in presenza dei bambini.Non si può accettare therapy suggested by Gardner to steal the baby to the GA in the worst cases, but believes it is necessary to focus on the needs of the child rather than on the right of parents. The objective to be achieved through therapy, is to foster a healthy relationship with both parents, because of developmental psychology studies reveal that alienation as a result of divorce (unless it is in the presence of abuse by a parent) is a phase that will end with the growth.
The concept of PA may allow a more balanced approach to the concept of alienation, though in practice many are confused between PAS and PA and some intentionally speak in PA Courts, not to run the risk of receiving criticism about the scientific assumption is unfounded. The problem is that both proponents of PAS and those of the PA may not even distinguish between children hostile to a parent because of abuse or neglect and those who have been alienated because of an air conditioning system.
This confusion inevitably helps to obscure the abuse as a reason for the denial of children of a parent, and the tendency to mistakenly characterize pathologically abused children as "alienated", ignoring the reality that they are actually noticed that abusati.Va even children who suffer violence and abuse receive a passive can react with a hostile attitude against for example the father who abuses his mother. Even in the case of alienating parents, only 6% of children showed a categorical rejection and 20% negative attitudes in a consistent manner. Except in the cases of real abuse, only 10% appears to have been "alienated".
Therefore, research has revealed that cases of alienation (which does not form part of an abusive behavior) are rare. The tendency of supporters of the PA to deal with alienation as the major problem faced by children of divorce / separation continues the trend begun by the theory of PAS to marginalize and mask the real abuse is so trascuratezza.Si and passed by the PAS to PA to exclude the concept of the syndrome and to affirm However, the possibility that a child can be conditioned to behave negatively against a parent without justifiable cause (Surface, 2009). But the term PA
describes a child who demonstrates a strong aversion or dislike of a parent and this attitude may be an adaptive response to violent behavior, healthy or otherwise out of genitori.Un child can become alienated from a parent who is unfaithful, violent, unreliable, who abuses drugs or alcohol, or who abandoned the family. Similarly, PA may arise in a normal development of children.
Alienation can also be linked to the behavior of a parent who wants to impose his own way of seeing things, their Weltanschaaung, or their idea of \u200b\u200beducation, rules, discipline and so on, and this against the views of the other parent. All this even within a family "intact."
the children removed from the other parent.
The PAS can be considered a subset of pathological PA (Hoult 2006). We move away from Gardner to say that the GA is that he or she consciously put in place a deliberate program of conditioning, considering the alienation rather be the result of unconscious behavior or psychological problems related to the GA (such as deep distrust or fear of the ex-spouse). Often the
alienating parents really believe that the ex-spouse may be dangerous for children. The attention turns to these issues is disproportionate to the incidence of cases and distracts from what really matters: the abuse, neglect and negligence in respect of children who minori.Più "alienated" necessary to refer to children "aligned" with the parent to whom they are assigned against each other in hostility, hostility which in any case will disappear within two years. It would be preferable to use the term "alignment" (Johnston 2003) to parent a child with his favorite leading to "waste" of the other.
reports of children with their parents after separation and divorce are viewed on a continuum from positive to negative, with the majority of children who have positive relationships with both parents. Unlike Gardner, the milder forms of "array" with a parent and a mild rejection of the other are considered relatively normal. Because of temperament, age, gender, shared interests, attitudes of parents, relationships with siblings, etc.., Children may gravitate more toward one parent over the other, although this affinity usually change with time adapting the changing needs of development and different situations.
More rare is a degree of rejection of a parent after divorce, these are children who demonstrate a clear "Alignment" or preference for one parent during the marriage or separation and look for limited contact with the parent non-preferred separazione.La after the majority of children "lined up" do not reject the other parent and not try to stop all contacts indeed tend to show a certain ambivalence expressing anger, sadness and love.
At the end of the continuum are children who have extreme alignments with one parent after separation and divorce and that express a strident rejection against the other parent, without apparent ambivalence or guilt. They have strongly resisted or refused contact with a parent. While this extreme position most often occur in contexts of high conflittualità per l'affidamento, si ipotizza che sia un evento piuttosto raro tra la maggior parte dei figli del divorzio.
I fattori di fondo sono quelli che si ipotizza possano influenzare il bambino nella relazione genitore-figlio. Includono una storia di intensi conflitti coniugali e conflitti successivi al divorzio che possono essere alimentati da professionisti e parenti in una famiglia allargata.Essi comprendono anche le personalità dei genitori "allineati", in particolare la loro vulnerabilità alla perdita e al rifiuto inerenti la separazione coniugale che lascia in essi una sensazione di umiliazione e perdita.
Quindi si ipotizza che tali genitori possano essere dispettosi e vendicativi, consciamente o inconsciamente, e behave in a manner detrimental to the child's relationship with the other parent, emotional abuse doing. In particular, we use the child as a weapon to sustain them emotionally and in conflict with the ex-spouse. Among the underlying factors are also typical of the personality predispositions of the rejected parent, as the passivity and withdrawal in the face of family conflict and the tendency to be self-centered and immature. Parents are often rejected overly critical, demanding and negatively reactive to the refusal of the children. Among the predictive factors that affect children are the age and cognitive abilities.
preadolescents and adolescents may be more susceptible because they have reached a stage development when they are pressed by the demands of loyalty from their parents in conflict and are more likely to rebel against authority. At this age, they are able to maintain a consistent position to express anger and rigid moral judgments against genitori.I younger children usually do not reject the report in full and coherent, at least not to be influenced by older siblings . In addition, an anxious temperament, fearful, dependent, or emotionally unstable is more difficult to withstand the stress inherent in the conflict between the parents and therefore easier to "true".
E 'generally accepted that separation anxiety in young children pre-school age are not unusual or abnormal and may work through emotional stress and behaviors of protest during the transition from one parent to another.
is also expected a negative attitude on the part of those children involved in a history of abuse, neglect and parental deficit. E 'is more common than has been observed that an "alignment" with the mother and the rejection of his father because for most of the time is the mother to have custody. The study revealed that in cases where a child's father refused, it appears inadequate in relation to the Son, and he felt no pleasure in spending time with him. The mother on the other hand proved more appropriate. The other side the coin is that a single parent is more employees from being approved and supported by his son.
The single mother tends to use his son to prevent depression and respond to their emotional needs and is easy to interfere in the relationship with the father of the child, undermining and over-controlling the activities and the time the child spends with his father. As mentioned, the separation anxieties are normal in younger children, but are exacerbated by the conflict that persists after her parents separated.
In conclusion, the study of Johnston shows that the 'alignment' of a child with a parent along with the rejection of others is determined by several factors: vi sono coinvolti entrambi i genitori e la vulnerabilità del bambino stesso. I genitori rifiutati, non importa se padre o madre, sono i principali artefici della loro stessa alienazione. E ciò a causa delle loro carenze genitoriali.
I genitori "allineati" (in particolare le madri), contribuiscono a alienare l'affetto di un bambino dal padre. Il comportamento della madre può sabotare il rapporto padre-figlio, più che il comportamento del padre possa sabotare il rapporto madre-bambino. Il legame dei bambini con la madre è più intenso, le madri hanno più accesso ai loro figli e più possibilità di esercitare influenza, sottolineano la necessità di interventi terapeutici orientati alla famiglia e comprendono tutte le parties involved in the dynamics: the child and both parents.
The etiology of PAS would be legal and not medical: GA It stems from fear of losing custody of their children, within a very bitter legal battles, but there is no correlation between scientific and legal arguments specific diseases (this does not mean that we can become ill in the courtroom, but there is no need to invent new pathological categories, when it would be enough to refer to depression, phobias, and so on).
A medical condition is properly diagnosed by observing personal symptoms. Gardner, however, work on a diagnosis by observing the children and GA viceversa.L 'not only receive a Diagnosis of PAS is the GB. There is no scientific evidence that GA and children show any symptoms. In addition, certain attitudes that are GA, considered pathological by Gardner, could be ascribed to the person's freedom to express sorrow, grief, anger linked to the division, as well as its free-thinking about the ex-spouse. Gardner suggests that the treatment would be legal but not a therapeutic treatment.
When medical treatment and mental health are successful, the symptoms of the disease are alleviated, and this allows the patient to live a normal life. In contrast, treatment proposed by Gardner would be to force the GA to refrain from expressing negative views on GB, forcing Indeed, with her children, to show affection. To achieve this measurement is of the court, threatening the loss of custody and so via.Tuttavia coercion can change behavior but not cured.
The affection and respect are not obtained by legal measures (such as shared custody is not just a law to create collaboration between ex-spouses). The resort to legal measures would be the most compelling evidence that the PAS is not a disease. The PAS is therefore not admissible in the courts for lack of scientific basis, as well as political and cultural reasons, particularly the patriarchal society would use the PAS to prevent women from asserting their rights and the right dei diritti dei bambini di adattarsi con il rifiuto, ad una situazione di grande sofferenza. Per non parlare infine del fatto che molti uomini potrebbero continuare ad usare violenza ai deboli della società, assicurandosi l'impunità.
La teoria di Gardner della sessualità umana, che vede il contatto sessuale adulto-bambino come buono e vantaggioso per la riproduzione della specie (anche se corretto dallo stesso Gardner negli ultimi scritti) non rende la sua teoria al di sopra di ogni sospetto. Anche l'uso del termine PA al posto di PAS (per aggirare gli ostacoli) non cambierebbe la sostanza: anche la PA potrebbe essere usata per non prendere in considerazione le accuse di abuso.
Alcuni vedono la PAS come parte del sistema giudiziario caratterizzato dal contraddittorio più che dall'interesse di aiuto nei confronti delle famiglie. (Se questo è vero anche in Italia, si può comprendere come gli strumenti di intervento alternativi alle dispute, come la Mediazione familiare, facciano fatica a prendere piede).
Il padre che ritiene di essere vittima di PAS anche in buona fede è comunque spinto a ricercare negli altri e mai in se stesso le colpe di ciò che avviene, mentre se non facesse riferimento a quella categoria, potrebbe essere agevolato nel farsi aiutare, per esempio, a migliorare la relazione con i propri figli.
In ogni caso, l'attenzione deve essere primariamente volta ai bambini: perché faticano o rifiutano di vedere a parent, what is happening, or are victims of conditioning have been abused? These are the questions which the various professionals involved should try to respond without preconceived positions.
source http://www.bambinicoraggiosi.com/ January 26, 2010
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